XEVM is a reimagining of EVM technology designed to overcome its limitations and enable global-scale capacity. We have leveraged our deep insights from UTXO technology and applied them to the EVM framework to combine the advantages of both. A key insight from UTXO technology is the use of a DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) structure for transaction ordering. Unlike legacy EVM systems, where miners are responsible for transaction ordering—leading to post-block validation by nodes and enabling miner front-running—we employ a transaction DAG for ordering.

This allows nodes to validate transactions immediately upon receipt, effectively eliminating a significant scaling bottleneck. Moreover, this DAG-based transaction structuring, along with our new transaction format, enables nodes to precisely determine the data and resources required for transaction validation upfront, in contrast to legacy EVM systems that require compute cores to access the entire world state.

As a result, Soloneum nodes can supply their CPU cores with just the necessary data for each transaction, facilitating highly parallel transaction processing. Modern CPUs, which already feature numerous cores, benefit from this, and it also opens the door to developing specialized hyper-parallel hardware, further reducing node costs and enhancing capabilities.

An additional, remarkable emergent property of the XEVM system is what we call ‘Proof-of-Fee’. The elimination of front-running ensures that all transactions gain extra security and finality assurances as the DAG extends. With increased Soloneum network usage, this effect will become more pronounced, potentially allowing your transactions to be recognized more quickly by services.”

By embracing the ‘Keyframe Chains’ model, Soloneum unlocks orders of magnitude more scalability for the EVM. This paradigm permits the concurrent execution of transactions without the need for a highly resourced core for each transaction, aligning with the UTXO model’s efficiency. Furthermore, it strengthens network resilience, reducing congestion during peak periods and optimizing the allocation of computational resources. Throughput of the network is no longer constrained by the speed of a single CPU core, and can instead be divided up across multiple processing cores of arbitrary quantity.

Soloneum introduces the ‘Keyframe Chains’ model, significantly enhancing the scalability of the EVM by allowing transactions to be executed concurrently without needing a highly resourced core for each one. This method aligns with the UTXO model’s efficiency and improves network resilience by reducing congestion and optimizing computational resource allocation. Unlike traditional systems limited by single CPU core speed, Soloneum’s approach enables workload distribution across multiple cores, potentially allowing a 256-core device to process transactions 256 times faster.

In this model, individual cores only need access to the specific state and contracts required by a transaction, streamlining the validation process. This approach ensures that if a transaction lacks necessary contracts or state data, it is deemed invalid, as it must reference all relevant elements upfront. By significantly reducing the data needed for transaction validation, the process becomes highly efficient and suitable for parallel computation. This efficiency is ideal for hardware with many processing cores, initially leveraging clusters of low-cost CPUs and potentially evolving into ASICs designed for parallel processing.

The advent of RISC-V architecture, which offers low-cost and open-source solutions for parallel computation hardware, further supports this innovation. This development paves the way for substantial hardware-based scaling at a lower cost, enabling high network capacities while maintaining decentralization.

This creates a compute situation which is “embarrassingly parallel” and perfect for the development of hardware which contains many processing cores each with minimal resources.

Within the Keyframe Chains model, state Keyframes act as parallel processing units akin to UTXOs. After each transaction execution, new Keyframes are taken, representing the state of the involved EOAs and contracts. These Keyframes are discrete and independent, allowing for parallel reference and processing. The inherent isolation of state Keyframes mitigates interdependencies that severely limit the throughput of traditional transaction execution in EVM-based networks.

In the ‘Keyframe Chains’ model, each transaction references a set of specific state Keyframes, akin to a UTXO reference in the inputs of a transaction on a UTXO-based system. To maintain consistency, all changes to the state must be predicated on ‘unconsumed’ Keyframes. This enforces parallelism by reducing conflicts between transactions and ensuring that the processing of one transaction does not affect the state reference for another. Any modifications to the state occur within the confines of the Keyframes, preserving the integrity of the parallel processing paradigm.